Extraction methods and geographical variability influence on phenolic content, fatty acid composition and physicochemical quality, of Moroccan Picholine olive oils in the Fes-Meknes region | OCL

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Table 4

Phenolic compounds and pigments of olive oils.

City	Crushing	Total Phenols “mg GAE/ kg”	Flavonoids “mg QE /kg”	O-diphenols “mg CAE /kg”	Chlorophylls “mg/kg”	Carotenoids “mg/kg”
Fez	Hydraulic press	307.31 ± 17.44^a	11.93 ± 3.46^bc	94.6 ± 12.83^a	6.65 ± 2.75^b	3.25 ± 0.88^a
	Three phase	261.34 ± 14.94^a	14.95 ± 0.45^a	99.84 ±11.25^a	2.20 ± 1.25^a	1.41 ± 0.16^a
	Two phase	328.65 ± 9.01^a	11.52 ± 1.71^a	85.55 ± 4.99^a	3.71 ± 0.56^a	2.03 ± 0.58^a
Meknes	Hydraulic press	289.13 ± 41.59^a	8.02 ± 0.33^a^b	90.85 ± 27.44^a	5.70 ± 2.98^b	2.72 ± 0.63^a
	Three phase	269.71 ± 1.06^a	7.64 ± 2.19^a	91.84 ± 13.38^a	1.27 ± 0.73^a	0.75 ± 0.31^a
	Two phase	304.41 ± 27.61^a	11.01 ± 4.55^a	89.06 ± 13.61^a	4.8 ± 2.09^a	2.53 ± 1.01^a
Taounate	Hydraulic press	259.98 ± 7.71^a	14.09 ± 1.59^c	88.61 ± 7.74^a	1.53 ± 0.78^a	0.61 ± 0.35^a
	Three phase	264.91 ± 21.04^a	13.03 ± 4.59^a	131.44 ± 11.69^a	1.72 ± 0.44^a	1.07 ± 0.61^a
	Two phase	277.07 ± 10.52^a	15.32 ± 3.75^a	98.20 ± 9.76^a	2.74 ± 0.32^a	0.99 ± 0.13^a
Taza	Hydraulic press	301.56 ±12 .85^a	5.64 ± 0.56^a	100.95 ±13.42^a	6.29 ± 1.52^b	4.22 ± 0.51^a
	Three phase	272.83 ± 10.45^a	12.53 ±1.63^a	83.58 ± 7.63^a	1.70 ± 0.11^a	1.30 ± 0.11^a
	Two phase	306.41 ± 14.26^a	14.27 ± 0.20^a	87.10 ± 12.55^a	3.77 ± 2.97^a	1.98 ± 1.15^a
Extraction Methods comparison	p-value	0.008	0.813	0.245	0.004	0.042

^a-c

The Tukey test indicates significant differences (ρ < 0.05) between cities for each extraction method in columns where different letters indicate significantly different means. A p-value of less than 0.05 indicates statistically significant differences. GAE: Gallic acid equivalent; QE: quercetin equivalent; CAE: caffeic acid equivalent.

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