Table 1
Factors perceived by farmers as influencing harvest failure or success of double crops from interviews and online survey.
| Factors of harvest failure | Explanation | Factors that help secure harvest success | Explanation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water stress | Limited summer rainfall | Irrigation | To compensate for rainfall shortage |
| Thermal stress | Excessive summer temperatures | Early harvest of the preceding winter crop | To sow the double crop as early as possible |
| Weather conditions during harvesting windows | Humid conditions in October: harvest delay and grain losses | Choice of cultivar: early to very early maturity group | Cultivars that require shorter growing periods |
| Weed control | Cereal volunteers (competition) | Sowing the double crop less than 72 h after the winter crop’s harvesting | Saves residual soil water, which is beneficial for the double crop’s emergence |
| Persistence of pesticides | Phytotoxicity (herbicides applied on the previous crop) | Destruction of winter crop’s volunteers | Limits water competition |
| Having a grain drying system (preferably at farm level) | To bring forward the winter crop’s harvest date and secure double crop’s harvest |
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