Open Access
Review
Table 2
Main research works for increasing lipid recovery from Y. lipolytica.
| Y. lipolytica strain | Technology | Extraction process | Lipid yield | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATCC 20460 | Conventional solvent extraction | 3 g of wet yeast biomass with 10 mL chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v); 30 min maceration, constant stirring at room temperature | 6.23 ± 0.51 g/100 g of dry weight (dw) | Easy to conduct Reproducible Easy to scale up |
Limited diffusion due to strong cell walls Lower extraction yields compared to the other treatments |
(Meullemiestre et al., 2016) |
| Ultrasound assisted-extraction | 10 g of wet biomass with 50 mL chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v) placed in a double jacket reactor; 30 min sonication at 300 W, 20 °C | 8.10 ± 0.24 g/100 g of dw | Higher extraction yields compared to conventional solvent extraction | Degradation of DAG into FFAs Change in FAs profile: higher proportion of palmitic acid C16 compared to the other methods |
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| Bead milling | 3 g of wet biomass with 10 mL chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v) placed in 20 mL tube with 20 g ceramic beads; 30 min treatment | 13.16 ± 0.68 g/100 g of dw | Efficient for cell disruption Higher extraction yields compared to conventional solvent extraction |
– | ||
| Microwave-assisted extraction | 10 g of wet biomass with 50 mL chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v) placed in a Teflon microwave reactor; 30 min treatment at 100 W, 110 °C | 7.13 ± 0.45 g/100 g of dw | Higher extraction yields compared to solvent extraction | Degradation of DAG into FFAs | ||
| Cold drying under reduced pressure pretreatment | Biomass placed in a reactor; 48 h, −80 °C, −20 mbar. Then, maceration in chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v) | 13.56 ± 0.24 g/100 g of dw | – | Increase in processing time and energy High emission of carbon dioxide |
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| Freezing/defrosting pretreatment | Biomass frozen for 48 h at −20 °C then placed for 12 h at 4 °C. The process is repeated 3 times followed by oil extraction in chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v) | 5.53 ± 0.43 g/100 g of dw | Decrease in the use of solvents | High energy consumption High emission of carbon dioxide |
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| Bead milling pretreatment | 3 g of wet biomass with 10 mL chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v) placed in 20 mL tube with 20 g ceramic beads; 30 min treatment, 4000 rpm. Then, oil extraction in chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v) | 12.73 ± 0.41 g/100 g of dw | Decrease in the use of solvents Low energy consumption |
– | ||
| Microwave pretreatment | 10 g of biomass placed in a Teflon microwave reactor and heated; 15 min, 45 °C, 20 W. Then, oil extraction in chloroform:methanol (1:2, v/v) | 8.18 ± 0.67 g/100 g of dw | Decrease in the use of solvents | – | ||
| JMY 5289 | High pressure homogenization (HPH) pretreatment | 1 kg of 15% DM cell suspension preteated with HPH (5 passes, 1500 bar). Then, oil extraction from dry biomass (after lyophilization) in n-hexane, at room temperature, 1 h, liquid/solid ratio of 10:1 (v:w), agitation 700 rpm | 100% | High extraction yields | High energy consumption during the drying process | (Drévillon et al., 2018) |
| 1 kg of 15% DM cell suspension preteated with HPH (5 passes, 1500 bar). Then, oil extraction from wet biomass in n-hexane (ratio 1:2 (w:w)) using high-speed disperser (40 min, 1000 rpm) | 79.9 ± 11.5% | Low extraction yields | Lower energy consumption compared to the dry route | |||
| JMY5578 | Mechanical expression pretreatment | 85 g yeast suspension placed in the pressing chamber; 45 min at 5.105 Pa | ≈ 25 ± 0.5% | – | Lowest extraction yields compared to the tested pretreatment techniques | (Drévillon et al., 2019) |
| High pulsed electric field pretreatment | 200 g of yeast cell suspension (15% DM) placed in treatment chamber (500 pulses, 20 Kv/cm); lyophilization; oil extraction in n-hexane (ratio 1:10, w/v), 1 h, at room temperature with agitation at 700 rpm | 29.4 ± 3% | Additional release of oil compared to the untreated cells | – | ||
| High voltage electrical discharges pretreatment | 200 g of yeast cell suspension (15% DM) placed in treatment chamber (500 pulses, 2 = 40 Kv/cm); lyophilization; oil extraction in n-hexane (ratio 1:10, w/v), 1 h, room temperature with agitation at 700 rpm | 31.7 ± 6.5% | Additional release of oil compared to the untreated cells | Degradation of the oil Significant changes in FAs composition compared to the other treatments except for C14:0, C18:0 and C18:2 |
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| Ultrasound pretreatment | 300 g yeast cells (15% DM) placed in US reactor (1 h, 400 W, 293 k); lyophilization; oil extraction in n-hexane (ratio 1:10, w/v), 1 h, room temperature with agitation at 700 rpm | 35.5 ± 6.1% | Increase in extraction yields compared to the untreated cells (control) No significant change in FAs profile |
– | ||
| HPH pretreatment | Cell suspension (600 g, 15% DM) pretreated with HPH (298 K, 20 passes, 1500 × 105 Pa) | 83.9 ± 4.8% | Highest extraction yields compared to the tested pretreatment techniques | Change in FAs profile | ||
| JMY5289 | HPH and bead milling pretreatment | Cell suspension (600 g, 15% DM) pretreated with HPH (25 °C, 5 passes, 1500 bar) followed by bead milling in chloroform:methanol (2:1, v:v) (stainless steel beads of 4.9 mm, and during 3 × 30 s) | 99.6% | Available for large scale processing Short processing time No change in FAs profile |
– | (Imatoukene et al., 2020) |
| QU21 | Liquid nitrogen with sonication | Liquid nitrogen added to biomass, then sonication 10 times for 30 s each in distilled water followed by maceration in 20 mL chloroform and methanol (2:1, v:v) for oil extraction | 26.5% | Increase in the extraction yields compared to conventional maceration (14.3%) | – | (Poli et al., 2013) |
| Po1g | Sub-critical water treatment | 1 g biomass dissolved in 20 mL water and treated at 175 °C for 20 min | 42.69% | Environmentally friendly technique Very similar FAs profile from untreated and sub-critical water treated samples |
– | (Tsigie et al., 2012) |
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