Table 2
Morpho-physiological traits of interest for choosing varieties or breeding according to priorities: market-oriented production, adaptation to new environments or new cropping systems, provision of ecosystem services.
| Crop development | Increased plant growth and resource capture | Increased resource-use efficiency | Floral biology | Abiotic Stress Resistance | Disease resistance | Bird resistance | Non-kernel composition |
Kernel composition (genotype) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Priorities | Maturity groups (MGs) or timing to anthesis |
Plant vigor (Canopy cover, Leaf area index ) | Shoot biomass | Plant height | Root biomass & depth | Nutrient-use efficiency | Water use efficiency | Cold | Heat | Drought | Oil | |||||
| Market-oriented production | Oil % | * (late) | ** | * | * | * | * | * | * (prevent low plant density) | * (hull fraction) | *** | |||||
| Oleic acid % | * | * | * (lately) | * | * | *** | ||||||||||
| Protein % | * | * | * | * | * (hull fraction) | ** | ||||||||||
| Other non-food by-products | ** | * | ** | ** | ||||||||||||
| Adaptation to new environments | Early sowing (stress escape) | * (late) | ** | * | ** (early) | * | ** (mildew) | ** (sowing) | ||||||||
| Supplemental irrigation | * (late) | * | ** | ** (sclerotinia, phomopsis) | ||||||||||||
| Crop shift to northern areas | * (early) | * | * | * (early + lately) | * | * (sclerotinia) | ** (sowing) | non-oleic types | ||||||||
| Adaptation to new cropping systems | Increased cultivated diversity (field) | ** mixture of MGs | * | * | * | ** | * | ** mixture of resistances | *** | |||||||
| Increased cultivated diversity (farm) - yield stability | ** different MGs | * | * | ** | ** | ** (multi-resistant) | * | |||||||||
| Double cropping | ** (very early) | ** | * | ** | * (lately) | ** | * | * (sclerotinia, botrytis) | * (maturity) | non-oleic types | ||||||
| Organic farming Low-input | * (early if late-sown) | ** | * | * | ** | ** | * | * | * | ** (multi-resistant) | * | |||||
| Reduced tillage | ** | * | ** | * | * | * | ** (soilborne diseases) | * | ||||||||
| Agroforestry | * | * | * | * | * | * | * (sclerotinia) | * | ||||||||
| Provision of ecosystem services | Biocontrol (allelopathy…) | * | * | ** (allelochemicals) | ||||||||||||
| Rotation fertility | * | * | ** | * | * | * | * | |||||||||
| Pollinators | ** mixture of MGs | ** small flowers ** nectar + pollen |
* | * | * (prevent low plant density) | |||||||||||
| Phyto-remediation | ** | ** | * | ** | ||||||||||||
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