Table 2
Categories, sub-types, specific compounds, and the significance of major classes of phenolic compounds in canola.
| Categories | Sub-types | Specific compounds | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hydroxycinnamic acids | Sinapates | Sinapic acid, sinapine, and sinapoyl glucose | Primary phenolic compounds. Sinapine (sinapoyl choline) is the key anti-nutrient. |
| Ferulates | Ferulic acid and feruloyl choline | Present in cell wall, contributes to structural integrity of plants. | |
| Other acids | p-coumaric, chlorogenic, and caffeic acid | Present in seeds in minute quantity but higher in vegetative plant tissues. | |
| Hydroxybenzoic acids | Benzoic derivatives | Syringic, salicylic, vanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic acids | Minor constituents; released during alkaline hydrolysis of plant tissues. |
| Flavonoids | Flavonols | Quercetin, isorhamnetin (glycosides), and kaempferol | Powerful antioxidants and are found in leaves and seed coats. |
| Anthocyanins | Cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin | Role in pigmentation levels are usually low in yellow/brown canola. | |
| Flavones | Apigenin and luteolin | Present in very small quantities compared to flavonols. | |
| Tannins | Condensed tannins | Proanthocyanidins and procyanidins (dimers and trimers) | Present in the seed coat and associated with protein digestibility issues. |
| Hydrolyzable | Gallotannins | Present in negligible amount. | |
| Lignin and lignans | Lignans | Pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol, and lariciresinol | Phytoestrogens present in the fiber of seed meal. |
| Lignin | Guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units | High-molecular-weight polymers and are the component of the insoluble fibers. |
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