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Table 7
Complementary morphological and physiological traits contributing to efficient direct sesame harvest.
| Trait | Desired feature | Functional role in mechanized harvest | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cessation of flowering | Use of determinate genotypes or irrigation termination to synchronize maturity | Ensures uniform seed maturity, reduces shattering losses | Dutta et al. (2022); Gholamhosseini et al. (2022a) |
| Leaf shedding | Complete defoliation at harvest | Reduces foreign material, minimizes pest contamination | Razaghi (2024b) |
| Capsule retention | Strong attachment; narrow capsule-stem angle | Prevents capsule loss due to wind or agitation | Queiroga et al. (2019) |
| Upper capsule maturity | Early maturation of upper capsules | Prevents loss of immature seeds during threshing | Langham and Wiemers (2002) |
| Plant height | ≤150 cm (ideally 120−130 cm) (Fig. 7) | Ensures proper feeding into combine header | Langham (2014); Miao et al. (2021) |
| Height to first capsule | 15−30 cm from soil surface by adjusting planting density and arrangement (Fig. 7) | Allows low cutting height without crop loss or machine damage | Habibzadeh and Gholamhosseini (2022) |
| Branching pattern | Moderate branching (3–4 side branches) | Aids feeding into combine; prevents excessive entanglement | Beech and Imrie (2001) |
| Lodging resistance | Strong stems, moderate height, proper spacing by adjusting planting density and arrangement | Maintains upright posture for clean cutting and threshing | Gholamhosseini et al. (2022b) |
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