The bio-based economy can serve as the springboard for camelina and crambe to quit the limbo | OCL

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Table 4

Pros and cons of crambe in Europe.

Agronomy

Positive traits	Implications	Ref.	Negative traits	Implications	Ref.

Short cycle	Several combinations	1	High frost	Chilling stress risks	7
Short cycle	of crop rotation	1	sensitivity	in winter sown	7

Low input	Environmental benefits,	2,3	Low radiation	Low seed yield	8
management	low management costs	2,3	use efficiency by pods	Low seed yield	8

Adaptability	Use of abandoned land	4, 5, 6
to marginal lands	(avoid food/non-food debates,
	nature conservation programmes)

Seed and by-product quality

Positive traits	Implications	Ref.	Negative traits	Implications	Ref.

High content of erucic	Erucamide production,	9
acid (up to 60%)	several oleochemical streams	9

High content	Bio-based compounds for	10, 11, 12	High content	Limitation	14
of glucosinolates	plant protection and human health	10, 11, 12	of glucosinolates	as livestock feed	14

Encapsulated seeds	Prevention against abrasion	13	Encapsulated seeds	High managing costs,	15
Encapsulated seeds	and shocks, no seed shattering	13	Encapsulated seeds	difficult emergence	15

¹Lenssen et al., 2012; ²Rogério et al., 2013; ³Dos Santos et al., 2013; ⁴Francois and Kleiman, 1990; ⁵Fowler, 1991; ⁶Lonov et al., 2013; ⁷Adamsen and Coffelt, 2005; ⁸Mejier et al., 1999; ⁹Bondioli et al., 1998; ¹⁰Avato et al., 2013; ¹¹Bohinc et al., 2013; ¹²Sapone et al., 2007; ¹³Costa et al., 2013; ¹⁴Wang et al., 2000; ¹⁵Merrien et al., 2012.

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