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Table 2
Basic unit operations in palm oil mills.
| Unit operation | Purposes | References |
|---|---|---|
| FFB sterilization | – To deactivate lipolytic enzyme activities. – To soften the fruit pulp. – To ease the cracking process by heating and partial dehydration of the nuts. – To coagulate the protein in the oil-bearing cells: prevents formation of colloidal complexes and facilitates oil clarification. – To hydrolyze the mucilaginous materials: facilitates oil clarification. |
(Kasmin et al., 2016; Owolarafe et al., 2008; Sivasothy et al., 2005) |
| FFB stripping | – To separate mesocarp fibre and nut. | (Ebongue et al., 2006) |
| Digestion | – To destroy exocarp. – To digest palm mesocarp into homogeneous mash. – To enhance the oil cell breakdown process. – To reduce the oil viscosity. |
(Hosseini and Wahid, 2015; Owolarafe et al., 2008; Poku, 2002; Syahro et al., 2015) |
| Oil extraction | – To extract oil by pressing process. | (Subramaniam et al., 2010) |
| Oil clarification | – To yield the pure oil. – To remove water and non-oily solid. |
(Subramaniam et al., 2010) |
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