EDP Sciences logo
Submit your paper
Search
Menu
Home All issues Volume 18 / No 6 (Novembre-Décembre 2011) OCL, 18 6 (2011) 314-316 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
OCL
Volume 18, Number 6, Novembre-Décembre 2011
Structures des lipides dans les aliments et impacts nutritionnels
Page(s) 314 - 316
Section Journées Chevreul 2011 Lipids and Brain
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/ocl.2011.0414
Published online 15 November 2011

© John Libbey Eurotext 2011

Magnesium deprivation is long known to cause brain vulnerability to inflammatory, oxidative and convulsant injuries. In mice, this particular nutritional animal model may be exploited for its susceptibility to audiogenic seizures to evaluate in vivo brain activity of anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and antiinflammatory/antioxidant compounds (Bac et al., 1998; Vamecq et al., 2003; Maurois et al., 2008; Maurois et al., 2009; Pagès et al., 2010; Vamecq et al., 2010; Pagès et al., 2011). Chronic magnesium deprivation based on a vegetable oil diet devoided of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3PUFA) (diet containing 5% corn/sunflower oil) in mice was also recently shown to represent an interesting nutritional model for in vivo exacerbated NMDA receptor function (reduction of NMDA seizures threshold) which responds remarkably to acute magnesium supply, adding experimental evidence that magnesium administration is a promising approach of glutamate-mediated brain disorders (Maurois et al., 2009).

PUFAs are essential components of the central nervous system (CNS) and are brought exclusively by food (Rapoport et al., 2007). Many recent studies have documented the beneficial effects of ω-3 PUFA on cardiovascular diseases (Heurteaux et al., 2006) and neurological disorders (Vreugdenhil et al., 1996; Xiao and Li, 1999; Lauritzen et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2001; Blondeau et al., 2009; Delattre et al., 2010) including epilepsy (Heurteaux et al., 2006; Pagès et al., 2011). These studies mainly focused on beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids, and to a less extent on the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3 n-3). ALA is supplied with diet via different vegetal origins: it represents 9% of the rapeseed oil composition, which also contains 60% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (18:1 fatty acid) and 20% ω6PUFA. Its ω6/ω3 ratio is low (close to 3) contrasting with the high ratio (more than 80) characterizing corn:sunflower oils which contain 28% MUFA, 56% ω-6 PUFA and 0.6% ω-3 PUFA (Pagès et al., 2011). Diet containing 5% rapeseed oil (rich in ω-3 alpha-linolenate (ALA) improves protection against experimental seizures including NMDA induced seizures to a higher extent than diet containing 5% corn/sunflower oil devoided of ω-3 PUFA (Pagès et al., 2011), supporting modulation of glutamate neurotransmission by ω-3 PUFAs. Glutamate-driven excitatory synaptic neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system is also mediated in major part by receptors other than the NMDA-type receptor and including those coupled to channels highly permeable to Na+ and K+ and less permeable to Ca2+ ions (Hatt et al., 1988; Colquhoun et al., 1992). When activated, the non-NMDA glutamate receptor-channels are typically associated with inward Na+ current, these channels being classified into kainate- and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole (AMPA)- preferring types (Collingridge and Ras, 1989; Monaghan et al., 1989; Lodge, 1997).

The aim of the present study was to study whether dietary rapeseed oil could also protect mice against kainate-induced seizures in adult mice fed magnesium deficient (35 ppm) or normal magnesium containing (900 ppm) diets containing 5% lipids brought by either corn: sunflower oil or rapeseed oil.

Materials and methods

The investigation was conforming to the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the US National Institute of Health (NIH, No 85-23, revised 1996). Female Swiss OF1 mice, were purchased from Janvier (Le Genest-St-Isle, France) and divided into 3 groups (n=20).

The control group was fed a diet containing normal magnesium levels (≥900±50 ppm) (control Mg+ diets) under the form of industrial pellets containing soya lipids (UAR, France)

The two magnesium-deficient groups received different diets (magnesium-deficient (Mg-) diets). These diets impoverished in magnesium were designed by restricting severely the magnesium content to 35±5 ppm as described previously (Maurois et al., 1989; Maurois et al., 2009) and differed in fat content: ALA-poor (a mix of corn and sunflower oils (3:1)) or ALA-rich (pure rapeseed oil).

Mice were placed eight per cage and maintained on a 12:12h light-dark schedule at 21±1 ̊C. They had free access to food and to distilled water which avoids additional magnesium input. In current practice, in order to prevent food oxidation, fresh diets were lyophilized and frozen at –20 ̊C. They were given to mice every day in sufficient amount.

At the end of the magnesium deprivation period (30 days), kainate seizure tests were performed by evaluating the capacity of the various diets to provide protection against threshold seizures through determination of the lethal dose 100 (LD100, minimal dose inducing death of 100% tested animals). The reversion of susceptibility to kainate seizures was studied for intraperitoneal administration of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (dissolved in a 0.9% saline water solution) performed 30 min before kainate administration. The daily amount of magnesium delivered to mice by a deficient diet corresponded to grosso modo 5.6 mg magnesium/kg body weight. This daily amount, or several-fold this amount, was given intraperitoneally to mice acutely in the form of magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 46.8 mg of which contained 5.6 mg magnesium).

Statistical analysis: Data were expressed as mean ± SEM and analyzed by Student’s t-test.

Results

Threshold to kainate-induced seizures in mice fed a normal magnesium diet was found to be 45 mg/kg. In magnesium-deprived mice, kainate seizure threshold was significantly (p<0.05) lowered to 32 and 39% of these values in groups fed diets containing corn: sunflower (ALA poor) and rapeseed (ALA rich) oils, respectively. Thresholds in these two respective groups were significantly (p<0.05) different 14.5 and 17.5 mg/kg (table 1).

Table 1.

Effects magnesium-deficient diets on threshold to kainate-induced seizures

The drop induced by magnesium deficiency in the threshold to kainate-induced seizures was partly reversed by acute intraperitoneal administrations of 28 mg/kg magnesium which increased by 213 and 154% the kainate seizure threshold of mice given a magnesium-deficient diet supplemented with corn: sunflower (ALA poor) and rapeseed (ALA rich) oils, respectively ( table 1 , p<0.05). The threshold was re-heightened significantly (p<0.05) to 31 and to 27 mg kainate/kg, under corn: sunflower (ALA poor) and rapeseed (ALA rich) oils, respectively. However, the levels did not reach the initial values observed with normal magnesium diet (only 60% of Mg+ diet).

Increasing the doses of acute magnesium administration did not induce substantial gain in further reversing these thresholds, magnesium doses superior to 30 mg/kg body weight (from 30 to 40 mg/kg) in the form of chloride salt becoming progressively toxic and finally lethal for the magnesium-deficient animals (data not shown).

Discussion

In the wake of previous studies, the present work originally highlights a lowering of threshold to kainate seizures in OF1 mice induced by chronic exposition to nutritional deprivation in magnesium. The shift observed in this threshold was operated from 45 mg/kg (normal magnesium fed animals) to 14.5 and to 17.5 mg/kg in mice given a magnesium-deficient diet based on corn: sunflower (ALA-poor diet) or rapeseed oils (ALA-rich diet), respectively. Partial reversions (213 and 154% under corn: sunflower and rapeseed oils, respectively) in magnesium deficiency-driven drop of kainate seizure threshold were provided by acute intraperitoneal administration of magnesium chloride hexahydrate. In the present series of experiments, previously reported abilities of acute magnesium administration and of rapeseed oil-based magnesium-deficient diet to protect fully and partly, respectively, mice against audiogenic seizures were again observed. The main contribution of this study is the evidence of a better ability of ω3PUFA-rich oil (vs ω3PUFA-poor oil) to protect brain against the drop induced by magnesium deficiency in kainate seizure threshold. The fact that, paradoxically, rapeseed oils (ALA-rich diet) vs corn: sunflower (ALA-poor diet) offer to magnesium administration a lower capacity to reverse this drop might further suggest that magnesium and ω3PUFA-mediated brain protective mechanisms are not additive. Elucidation of these emerging and intriguing issues is in progress.

References

  • Bac P, Maurois P, Dupont C, et al. Magnesium-deficiency-dependent audiogenic seizures (MDDASs) in adult mice: a nutritional model for discriminatory screening of anticonvulsant drugs and original assessment of neuroprotection properties. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 4363–4373. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Blondeau N, Nguemeni C, Debruyne DN, et al. Subchronic alpha-linolenic acid treatment enhances brain plasticity and exerts an antidepressant effect: a versatile potential therapy for stroke. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34: 2548–2559. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Collingridge Gl, Ras L. Excitatory amino acid receptors in the vertebrate central nervous system. Pharmacol Rev 1989; 40: 145–195. [Google Scholar]
  • Colquhoun D, Jonas P, Sakmann B. Action of brief pulses of glutamate on AMPA/kainate receptors in patches from different neurones of rat hippocampal slices. J Physiology 1992; 458: 261–287. [Google Scholar]
  • Delattre Am, Kiss A, Szawka Re, et al. Evaluation of chronic omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on behavioral and neurochemical alterations in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Res 2010; 66: 256–264. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Hatt H, Franke C, Dudel J. Ionic permeabilities of L-glutamate activated, excitatory synaptic channel in crayfish muscle. Pflügers Archiv 1988; 411: 8–16. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • Heurteaux C, Laigle C, Blondeau N, Jarretou G, Lazdunski M. Alpha linolenic acid and riluzole treatment confer cerebral protection and improve survival after focal brain ischemia. Neuroscience 2006; 137: 241–251. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Kim HY, Akbar M, Kim KY. Inhibition of neuronal apoptosis by polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Mol Neurosci 2001; 16: 223–227. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Lauritzen I, Blondeau N, Heurteaux C, Widmann C, Romey G, Lazdunski M. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are potent neuroprotectors. EMBO J 2000; 19: 1784–1793. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Lodge D. Subtypes of glutamate receptors: historical perspectives on their pharmacological differentiation. In: Monaghan DT, Wentholdm RJ, Eds. The Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors. Totowa (NJ, USA) : Humana Press, 1997. [Google Scholar]
  • Maurois P, Gueux E, Rayssiguier Y. Protective effect of severe magnesium deficiency on Plasmodium chabaudi infection. Magnes Res 1989; 2: 183–187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Maurois P, Pagès N, Bac P, et al. Threshold to NMDA-induced seizures in mice undergoing chronic nutritional magnesium deprivation is lowered in a way partly responsive to acute magnesium and antioxidant administrations. Brit J Nutr 2009; 101: 317–321. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • Maurois P, Rocchi S, Pagès N, et al. The PPAR gamma-agonist FMOC-L-Leucine protects both mature and immature brain. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62: 259–263. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Monaghan D, Bridges R, Cotman C. The excitatory amino acid receptors: their classes, pharmacology and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1989; 29: 314–320. [Google Scholar]
  • Pagès N, Maurois P, Delplanque B, et al. Activities of α-asarone in various animal seizure models and in biochemical assays might be essentially accounted for by antioxidant properties. Neurosci Res 2010; 68: 337–344. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Pagès N, Maurois P, Delplanque B, et al. Brain protection by rapeseed oil in magnesium-deficient mice. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85: 53–60. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Rapoport SI, Rao JS, Igarashi M. Brain metabolism of nutritionally polyunsaturated fatty acids depends on both the diet and the liver. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 77: 251–261. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Vamecq J, Maurois P, Bac P, et al. Potent mammalian cerebroprotection and neuronal cell death inhibition are afforded by a synthetic antioxidant analogue of marine invertebrate cell protectant ovothiols. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18: 1110–1120. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Vamecq J, Maurois P, Pagès N, et al. 1,2-ethane bis-1-amino-4-benzamidine is active against several brain insult and seizure challenges through anti-NMDA mechanisms targeting the 3H-TCP binding site and antioxidant action. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45: 3101–3110. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Vreugdenhil M, Bruehl C, Voskuyl RA, Kang JX, Leaf A, Wadman WJ. Polyunsaturated acids modulate sodium and calcium currents in CA1 neurons. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 12559–12563. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Xiao YF, Li X. Polyunsaturated fatty acids modify mouse hippocampal neuronal hyperexcitability during excitotoxic or convulsant stimulation. Brain Res 1999; 846: 112–121. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

To cite this article: Pagés N, Maurois P, Bac P, Vamecq J. Rapeseed oil and magnesium manipulations affect the seizure threshold to kainate in mice. OCL 2011; 18(6): 314–316. doi : 10.1051/ocl.2011.0414

All Tables

Table 1.

Effects magnesium-deficient diets on threshold to kainate-induced seizures

In the text

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.