Table 1
Oilseeds contamination by mycotoxins (based on literature review).
| Type of oilseeds | Country/Region | Mycotoxin | Mycotoxin concentration Mean (Range) μg/kg |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Corn | Egypt | AFB1 | 8.7 (0.2—44.9) | An et al., 2024 (citing Abdallah, Girgin and Baydar 2019) |
| AFB2 | 2.2 (0.1—7.0) | |||
| Ghana | AFB1 | (0.78—339.3) | Kumar et al., 2022 (citing Kortei et al., 2021) |
|
| Ivory Coast | FB1 + FB2 | 102.8 | Ji et al., 2024 (citing Manizan et al., 2018) |
|
| AFB1 | 8.66 | |||
| AFG1 | 4.73 | |||
| ZEN | 2.67 | |||
| OTA | 2.33 | |||
| Tanzania | FB1 | (16—18 184) | Wan et al., 2020 (citing Kamala et al., 2015) |
|
| DON | (68—2196) | |||
| ZEN | (73—1464) | |||
| AFB1 | (3—1081) | |||
| OTA | (0—73) | |||
| Togo | AFB1 | (1.1—75.9) | Kumar et al., 2022 (citing Hanvi et al., 2021) |
|
| Zimbabwe | FB1 | 242 ± 236 | Wan et al., 2020 (citing Hove et al., 2016) |
|
| DON | 217 ± 165 | |||
| ZEN | 110 ± 101 | |||
| AFB1 | 11 | |||
| AFB1 | (0.57—26.6) | Kumar et al., 2022 (citing Murashiki et al., 2017) |
||
| China | DON | 831.0 | Ji et al., 2024 (citing Wang et al., 2014) |
|
| AFB1 | 148.4 | |||
| FB1 | 116.5 | |||
| ZEN | 50.8 | |||
| ZEN | 49 (0.1—1151) | Sun et al., 2017 (citing Ma et al., 2011) |
||
| AFB1 | 15 (0.1—581) | |||
| AFB2 | 1.6 (0.1—35) | |||
| AFG2 | 0.6 (0.1—9.9) | |||
| HT-2 | 0.6 (0.1—5) | |||
| AFG1 | 0.4 (0.2—5.9) | |||
| T-2 | 0.3 (0.1—1) | |||
| FB1 | 0.5 | Gao et al., 2023 (citing Liu et al., 2017) |
||
| ZEN | (0—54.83) | Wan et al., 2020 (citing Xu et al., 2018) |
||
| AFB1 | (0.48—2.07) | |||
| ZEN | 1.10 | Lu et al., 2025 | ||
| India | AFB1 | (48—383) | Mahato et al., 2019 (citing Mudili et al., 2014) |
|
| Vietnam | AFB1 | (1.0—34.80) | Mahato et al., 2019 (citing Lee et al., 2017) |
|
| Spain | AFB1 | 26 (0.87—124.1) | An et al., 2024 (citing Tarazona et al., 2020) |
|
| AFB2 | 1.29 (0.31—8.85) | |||
| Colombia | AFB1 | 169.1 (6.4—458.2) | An et al., 2024 (citing Diaz, Krska and Sulyok 2015) |
|
| AFG1 | 72.2 | |||
| AFB2 | 21.0 (1.9—55.5) | |||
| Costa Rica | Total AFs* | 24 | Mahato et al., 2019 (citing Granados-Chinchilla et al., 2017) |
|
| Peanuts | Algeria | AFB1 | 12.14 ± 1.52 | Tantaoui-Elaraki et al., 2018 (citing Ait Mimoune et al., 2017) |
| Cameroon | Total AFs* | (4.2—198.8) | Hudu et al., 2024 (citing Abia et al., 2013) |
|
| ZEN | 4 (<LOQ—45) | |||
| Ivory Coast | ZEN | (50—200) | Bhat and Reddy 2017 (citing Sangare-Tigori et al., 2006) |
|
| Total AFs* | (1.5—10) | |||
| FB1 + FB2 | (<0.03—0.06) | |||
| OTA | (0—0.64) | |||
| Malawi | AFB1 | 501 | Pandey et al., 2023 (citing Matumba et al., 2015) |
|
| Zambia | AFB1 | (0.015—46.60) | Mahato et al., 2019 (citing Bumbangi et al., 2016) |
|
| Sri Lanka | Total AFs* | (0—12.5) | Bhat and Reddy 2017 (citing Dissanayake et Manage 2010) |
|
| Brazil | CPA | (260—600) | Bhat and Reddy 2017 (citing Oliveira et al., 2009) |
|
| Australia | Total AFs* | (0—1600) | Bhat and Reddy 2017 (citing Chauhan et al., 2010) |
|
| Sunflower seed | Tanzania | AFB1 | 16.8 | Ji et al., 2024 (citing Mmongoyo et al., 2017) |
| European Union | TeA | 12.8 | Pandey et al., 2023 (citing Tölgyesi, Kozma and Sharma 2020) |
|
| Soybean | Cameroon | ZEN | 15 (12—18) | Hudu et al., 2024 (citing Abia et al., 2013) |
| Argentina | DON | (500—5000) | Pandey et al., 2023 (citing Chiotta et al., 2020) |
|
| Olive | Morocco | OTA | (0.2—1.2) | Tantaoui-Elaraki et al., 2018 (citing El Adlouni et al., 2006) |
| Rapeseed | Lithuania | DON | (164—183) | Bhat and Reddy 2017 (citing Brazauskienė, Petraitienė and Mankevičienė 2006) |
| Total AFs* | (1—3.1) | |||
| Sesame seed | Nigeria | Total AFs* | 16.9 (0.29—88.5) | Anyogu et al., 2024 (citing Esan et al., 2020) |
| FB1 | 13 (5.6—24) | |||
| DON | 78.3 (28—171) | Anyogu et al., 2024 (citing Fapohunda et al., 2018) |
||
| FB1 | 17.3 (7.3—26.7) | |||
| AFB1 | 3.6 (0.4—7.2) | |||
| Uganda | DON | 194.4 (0.8—955.3) | Anyogu et al., 2024 (citing Echodu et al., 2019) |
|
| Total AFs* | 2.95 (0.9—61.8) | |||
| OTA | 1.45 (0.1—3.1) | |||
| Malaysia | AFB1 | 0.90 (0.54—1.82) | Anyogu et al., 2024 (citing Reddy, Farhana and Salleh 2011) |
|
| Thailand | BEA | 8.89 (1.39—37.8) | Anyogu et al., 2024 (citing Pongpraket et al., 2020) |
|
| AFB1 | 1.44 (0.84—2.17) |
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while.