The bio-based economy can serve as the springboard for camelina and crambe to quit the limbo | OCL

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Table 5

Pros and cons of camelina in Europe.

Agronomy

Positive traits	Implications	Ref.	Negative traits	Implications	Ref.

High and	Increased competition	1	Small	Difficulties	1
quick emergence	with weeds		seed size	at sowing/emergence

Short-season	Several solutions for	2, 3	Little knowledge	High yield gap	3, 6
Low water use	innovative rotation systems		on cultivation practices

Low-input	Sustainable	4	Uneven plant	Harvesting problems	1
practices	cropping systems		maturity. Seed shattering	Considerable seed losses

Adaptability to	Use of abandoned lands. No	5
marginal lands	competition with food crops

Seed and by-product quality

Positive traits	Implications	Ref.	Negative traits	Implications	Ref.

High content of PUFAs,	Interesting oleochemical pathways,	7	Sinapine	Low palatability of meal	9
mostly omega ω-3 f	high value food/feed supplements

High content	Source of MCFAs		Glucosinolates	Content exceeding	9
of eicosenoic acid			legal limits

High content	Food applications	8	High PUFAs	Low oxidative stability	10
of tocopherols	Increased oil stability

High content	Possible use	7
of valuable protein	as poultry feed

¹Lenssen et al., 2012; ²Gesch and Archer, 2013; ³Gesch and Johnson 2015; ⁴Solis et al., 2013; ⁵Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al., 2013; ⁶Gesch et al., 2014; ⁷Zubr, 1997; ⁸Budin et al., 1995; ⁹Colombini et al., 2014; ¹⁰Bernardo et al., 2003.

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