Table 1
Main growth environments and associated root system phenotyping methods for soybean.
| Growth environment | Phenotyping method | Advantages | Disadvantages | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Field | Root excavation | Real conditions, early and advanced stages | Heavy extraction, challenge of visualizing of roots, destructive, labour-intensive | Allmaras et al. (1975); Pantalone et al. (1996a, 1996b); Zhao et al. (2004); Benjamin and Nielsen (2006); Ao et al. (2010); Matsuo et al. (2013); Fenta et al. (2014); Wijewardana et al. (2019) |
| Root excavation/rhizotrons | Visualisation of RSA in 2 dimensions | Kaspar et al. (1978); Kaspar et al. (1984) | ||
| Semi-field | Pots/tubes | Close to the field conditions (the medium used may be soil or sand) | Gao et al. (2020) | |
| Lysimeters/minirhizotrons or pots | Matsuo et al. (2013) | |||
| Greenhouse | Plastic tubes (mesocosms) | Easy root extraction, easily repeatable | Only for early stages No visualisation of RSA in 3 dimensions | Fried et al. (2018); Thu et al. (2014) |
| Rhizotubes | Non-destructive method | Maslard et al. (2021) | ||
| Rhizotrons | Visualisation of RSA in 2 dimensions Rapid and low-cost | Dayoub et al. (2017) | ||
| Pots | Mwamlima et al. (2019) | |||
| Growth chamber | Minirhizotrons | Dayoub et al. (2021) | ||
| Germination paper | Falk et al. (2020) | |||
| Cones/tubes | Manavalan et al. (2010) |
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