Table 1

Overview of the proximal composition of expeller cakes.

Source Seeds Expeller DM mean ± std Expeller oil content (min − max/mean) or mean ± std ANF concentration Proteins solubility % Remarks
IO7 Canola 95.8 ± 4.4 9.1 ± 2.0 (n = 18) 7.1 ± 0.6 μMol/g GLS (n = 12)   Canada origin
Adewole et al. (2016) Canola 88% 11.0 8.85 μMol/g GLS   Cited by the Canola Council
NRC (2001) Canola 90.3 ± 1.1 (n = 230) 5.4 ± 5.5 (n = 71)     Meal mech. extracted (likely to be mixed with hexane extracted meals)
Spragg & Mailer (2008) Canola 90.3 ± 1.3 (n = 94) 10.6 ± 1.6 (n = 94)     Statistics for Australian canola meals
National Animal Nutrition Program database Canola ME 93.5 ± 2.8 (n = 50) 10.6 ± 4.1 (n = 44/7.2–17.2)     USDA /Mechanical compression
IO7 Linseed 90.0 ± 1.9 9.4 ± 2.2 (n = 722) 45.8 range 0.0-279 mg HCN/kg (n = 19)   Regular
IO7 Linseed 91.2 ± 2.1 13.0 ± 2.5 (n = 8)     Organic flax
IO7 Rapeseed 91.5 ± 2.3 9.5 ± 3.3 (n = 885) 15.3 ± 7.5 μMol/g GLS (n = 139) 79.7 ± 16.4 (n = 35) "00" cultivars
IO7 Rapeseed 94.7 ± 3.3 11.9 ± 2.1 (n = 6) 15.2 ± 6.1 μMol/g GLS (n = 9) 80.3 ± 19.8 (n = 3) Dehulled /ME
IO7 Rapeseed 91.4 ± 1.7 14.2 ± 3.3 (n = 41) 21.6 ± 3.2 μMol/g GLS (n = 41)   Organic rapeseed
Leming et al. (2005) Rapeseed 95.3 ± 2.6 12.2 ± 1.5 (n = 13)     3 commercial oil-mill Estonia
IO7 Rapeseed before 1989 90.0 ± 2.2 7.6 ± 3.3 (n = 102) 67.0 ± 25 μMol/g GLS 83 ± 1.6 (n = 4) simple "0" cultivars
Chen et al. (2020) Soybeans     6.6-16.4 / 11.8 TUI/mg   24 industrial samples
IO7 Soybeans 93.0 ± 1.9 (n = 684) 8.7 ± 4.0 (n = 327) 11.1± 6.5 TIU/mg (n = 607) 73.0 ± 10.6 (n = 77) Organic (database IO7)
IO7 Soybeans 92.3 ± 2.9 (n = 277) 8.3 ± 2.0 (n = 139) 8.6 ± 7.5 TIU/mg (n = 120) 74.1 ± 13.0 (n = 68) Regular Expeller (IO7)
Karr-Lilienthal et al. (2006) Soybeans 94.2 ± 3.3 7.6 ± 1.5 0.04 ± 0.03 (pH units) 72.8 ± 8.4 (KOH) U.S. 7 oil-mills
Maciel et al. (2020) Soybeans 92.8 ± 2.7 8.1 ± 1.6 0.07 ± 0.13 (pH units) 79.1 ± 4.1 10 oil-mills in Argentina, 36 samples
National Animal Nutrition Program database Soybeans 92.91 ± 2.6 (n = 23) 7.3 ± 1.6 n = 19) 4.9–9.3     USDA /Mechanical compression
IO7 Sunflower 92.0 ± 2.2 (n = 201) 12.1 ± 4.4 (n = 119)   69.1 (n = 1) whole seeds / ME
IO7 Sunflower 92.6 ± 1.6 (n = 70) 9.0 ± 3.3 (n = 52)   82.6 ± 8.3 (n = 5) Dehulled /ME
IO7 Sunflower 92.3 ± 1.7 14.7 ± 2.6 (n = 207)     "organic" whole seeds

ANF: antinutritional factors, GLS: glucosinolates, HCN: hydrogen cyanide. TIU: trypsin inhibitors unit. ME: mechanical extraction, IO7: French database of feedstuffs composition (contrary to FeedTables, IO7 provides the standard deviation and the number of samples from which the means are obtained).

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