Table 1
Overview of the proximal composition of expeller cakes.
| Source | Seeds | Expeller DM mean ± std | Expeller oil content (min − max/mean) or mean ± std | ANF concentration | Proteins solubility % | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IO7 | Canola | 95.8 ± 4.4 | 9.1 ± 2.0 (n = 18) | 7.1 ± 0.6 μMol/g GLS (n = 12) | Canada origin | |
| Adewole et al. (2016) | Canola | 88% | 11.0 | 8.85 μMol/g GLS | Cited by the Canola Council | |
| NRC (2001) | Canola | 90.3 ± 1.1 (n = 230) | 5.4 ± 5.5 (n = 71) | Meal mech. extracted (likely to be mixed with hexane extracted meals) | ||
| Spragg & Mailer (2008) | Canola | 90.3 ± 1.3 (n = 94) | 10.6 ± 1.6 (n = 94) | Statistics for Australian canola meals | ||
| National Animal Nutrition Program database | Canola ME | 93.5 ± 2.8 (n = 50) | 10.6 ± 4.1 (n = 44/7.2–17.2) | USDA /Mechanical compression | ||
| IO7 | Linseed | 90.0 ± 1.9 | 9.4 ± 2.2 (n = 722) | 45.8 range 0.0-279 mg HCN/kg (n = 19) | Regular | |
| IO7 | Linseed | 91.2 ± 2.1 | 13.0 ± 2.5 (n = 8) | Organic flax | ||
| IO7 | Rapeseed | 91.5 ± 2.3 | 9.5 ± 3.3 (n = 885) | 15.3 ± 7.5 μMol/g GLS (n = 139) | 79.7 ± 16.4 (n = 35) | "00" cultivars |
| IO7 | Rapeseed | 94.7 ± 3.3 | 11.9 ± 2.1 (n = 6) | 15.2 ± 6.1 μMol/g GLS (n = 9) | 80.3 ± 19.8 (n = 3) | Dehulled /ME |
| IO7 | Rapeseed | 91.4 ± 1.7 | 14.2 ± 3.3 (n = 41) | 21.6 ± 3.2 μMol/g GLS (n = 41) | Organic rapeseed | |
| Leming et al. (2005) | Rapeseed | 95.3 ± 2.6 | 12.2 ± 1.5 (n = 13) | 3 commercial oil-mill Estonia | ||
| IO7 | Rapeseed before 1989 | 90.0 ± 2.2 | 7.6 ± 3.3 (n = 102) | 67.0 ± 25 μMol/g GLS | 83 ± 1.6 (n = 4) | simple "0" cultivars |
| Chen et al. (2020) | Soybeans | 6.6-16.4 / 11.8 TUI/mg | 24 industrial samples | |||
| IO7 | Soybeans | 93.0 ± 1.9 (n = 684) | 8.7 ± 4.0 (n = 327) | 11.1± 6.5 TIU/mg (n = 607) | 73.0 ± 10.6 (n = 77) | Organic (database IO7) |
| IO7 | Soybeans | 92.3 ± 2.9 (n = 277) | 8.3 ± 2.0 (n = 139) | 8.6 ± 7.5 TIU/mg (n = 120) | 74.1 ± 13.0 (n = 68) | Regular Expeller (IO7) |
| Karr-Lilienthal et al. (2006) | Soybeans | 94.2 ± 3.3 | 7.6 ± 1.5 | 0.04 ± 0.03 (pH units) | 72.8 ± 8.4 (KOH) | U.S. 7 oil-mills |
| Maciel et al. (2020) | Soybeans | 92.8 ± 2.7 | 8.1 ± 1.6 | 0.07 ± 0.13 (pH units) | 79.1 ± 4.1 | 10 oil-mills in Argentina, 36 samples |
| National Animal Nutrition Program database | Soybeans | 92.91 ± 2.6 (n = 23) | 7.3 ± 1.6 n = 19) 4.9–9.3 | USDA /Mechanical compression | ||
| IO7 | Sunflower | 92.0 ± 2.2 (n = 201) | 12.1 ± 4.4 (n = 119) | 69.1 (n = 1) | whole seeds / ME | |
| IO7 | Sunflower | 92.6 ± 1.6 (n = 70) | 9.0 ± 3.3 (n = 52) | 82.6 ± 8.3 (n = 5) | Dehulled /ME | |
| IO7 | Sunflower | 92.3 ± 1.7 | 14.7 ± 2.6 (n = 207) | "organic" whole seeds |
ANF: antinutritional factors, GLS: glucosinolates, HCN: hydrogen cyanide. TIU: trypsin inhibitors unit. ME: mechanical extraction, IO7: French database of feedstuffs composition (contrary to FeedTables, IO7 provides the standard deviation and the number of samples from which the means are obtained).
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