Open Access
Table 1
Effect of test meal composition on postprandial endotoxemia in human studies. Adapted from Vors et al. (2014).
References | Subjects | Dairy-based test meals | Effect on endotoxemia | |
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Energy (E) | Food | |||
and macronutrients | ||||
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Erridge et al., | Healthy, normal- | Total E: ~900 kcal | 1 cup of tea and 3 slices | Transient increase in plasma LPS |
2007 | weight to obese | of toast spread with | concentrations: postprandial peak | |
(n = 12); M | a total of 50 g butter | 30 min after meal. | ||
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Deopurkar et al., | Healthy, normal- | Total E: 300 kcal | 75 g of glucose or 75 g of cream | Significant increased endotoxemia after |
2010 | weight (n = 4 × 12) | (33 g of lipids: 70% SFA, | the intake of cream at 3 h (45 ± 17% | |
28 % UFA) or an equicaloric | over the baseline) but not after glucose, | |||
amount of orange juice, | orange juice, or water intake. Postprandial | |||
or 300 ml of water | LPS concentrations after the intake | |||
of cream significantly higher than | ||||
basal levels up to 5 h. | ||||
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Harte et al., | Healthy controls | Total E: ~700 kcal; 75 g fat, | Whipping cream | Significant rise in endotoxin levels |
2012 | (n = 9), obese | 5 g carbohydrate, 6 g protein | vs. baseline in obese subjects, | |
subjects (n = 15), | patients with impaired glucose | |||
and patients with | tolerance and type 2 diabetes over | |||
impaired glucose | the 4-h time period. | |||
tolerance (n = 12) | ||||
and type 2 | ||||
diabetes (n = 18) | ||||
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Vors et al., | Healthy, normal- | Total E: 282 kcal for 10 g | Anhydrous milk fat | Only obese had higher postprandial |
2015 | weight (n = 8) | fat-breakfast and 551 kcal | with bread and a glass | endotoxemia after 40 g of fat vs. 10 g |
and non insulin- | for 40 g fat-breakfast | of skim milk | fat. Chylomicrons of obese subjects got | |
resistant obese | more enriched with LPS than those of | |||
(n = 8) subjects; M | normal-weight along the postprandial phase. | |||
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References | Subjects | Mixed test meals | Effect on endotoxemia | |
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Energy (E) and macronutrients | Food | |||
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Laugerette et al., | Healthy, normal- | Total E: 291 kcal; 33 g fat | 200 ml of Fortimel® (enteral | Transient increase in postprandial |
2011 | weight to | emulsion), 23 g of margarine, | plasma endotoxin concentration, with | |
Laugerette et al., | overweight | 9.4 g of butter, 1 g of olive oil, | a hint of a peak at 60 min. | |
2014 | (n = 12); M | 85 g of bread, 20 g of jam | At this peak time, endotoxemia tended | |
and 200 g of banana | to be higher in the chylomicron fraction. | |||
Higher increase of postprandial | ||||
endotoxemia after 8 weeks of | ||||
overfeeding. | ||||
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Ghanim et al., | Healthy, normal- | Total E: 910 kcal ; 51 g fat | Egg muffin and sausage muffin | Postprandial LPS concentration |
2009 | weight (n = 10); M | (among which 33% SFA), | sandwiches and two hash browns | increase of 47 ± 14% over the |
88 g carbohydrate, 34 g protein | baseline at 3 h. | |||
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Ghanim et al., | Healthy, normal- | 900 kcal (51 g fat, 81 g | Egg muffin and sausage muffin | Postprandial LPS concentration increase |
2010 | weight | carbohydrate, 32 g protein) + | sandwiches and two hash browns | of 70 ± 21% over the baseline at 3 h |
(n = 3 × 10); | 75 g glucose (300 kcal) | + an extra 350 ml water with | after high-fat high-glucose meal. | |
M/W | or orange juice or water | the glucose drink | Postprandial LPS concentration increase | |
of 60 ± 216% over the baseline at 5 h | ||||
after high-fat meal with water. | ||||
No increase of endotexemia after | ||||
high-fat meal with orange juice. | ||||
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References | Subjects | Basic lipid load | Effect on endotoxemia | |
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Energy (E) and macronutrients | Food | |||
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Clemente-Postigo | Morbidly obese with | 50 g fat including 10 g SFA, | Oral fat load (100 ml) | Increased plasma- and chylomicron- |
et al., 2012 | insulin resistance (n = 40) | 30 g MUFA and 10 g PUFA | endotexemia at 3 h. |
M/W: men/women; SFA: saturated fatty acids; UFA: unsaturated fatty acids. MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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