Open Access

Table 1

Effect of test meal composition on postprandial endotoxemia in human studies. Adapted from Vors et al. (2014).

References Subjects Dairy-based test meals Effect on endotoxemia

Energy (E) Food
and macronutrients

Erridge et al., Healthy, normal- Total E: ~900 kcal 1 cup of tea and 3 slices Transient increase in plasma LPS
2007 weight to obese of toast spread with concentrations: postprandial peak
(n = 12); M a total of 50 g butter 30 min after meal.

Deopurkar et al., Healthy, normal- Total E: 300 kcal 75 g of glucose or 75 g of cream Significant increased endotoxemia after
2010 weight (n = 4 × 12) (33 g of lipids: 70% SFA, the intake of cream at 3 h (45 ± 17%
28 % UFA) or an equicaloric over the baseline) but not after glucose,
amount of orange juice, orange juice, or water intake. Postprandial
or 300 ml of water LPS concentrations after the intake
of cream significantly higher than
basal levels up to 5 h.

Harte et al., Healthy controls Total E: ~700 kcal; 75 g fat, Whipping cream Significant rise in endotoxin levels
2012 (n = 9), obese 5 g carbohydrate, 6 g protein vs. baseline in obese subjects,
subjects (n = 15), patients with impaired glucose
and patients with tolerance and type 2 diabetes over
impaired glucose the 4-h time period.
tolerance (n = 12)
and type 2
diabetes (n = 18)

Vors et al., Healthy, normal- Total E: 282 kcal for 10 g Anhydrous milk fat Only obese had higher postprandial
2015 weight (n = 8) fat-breakfast and 551 kcal with bread and a glass endotoxemia after 40 g of fat vs. 10 g
and non insulin- for 40 g fat-breakfast of skim milk fat. Chylomicrons of obese subjects got
resistant obese more enriched with LPS than those of
(n = 8) subjects; M normal-weight along the postprandial phase.

References Subjects Mixed test meals Effect on endotoxemia

Energy (E) and macronutrients Food

Laugerette et al., Healthy, normal- Total E: 291 kcal; 33 g fat 200 ml of Fortimel® (enteral Transient increase in postprandial
2011 weight to emulsion), 23 g of margarine, plasma endotoxin concentration, with
Laugerette et al., overweight 9.4 g of butter, 1 g of olive oil, a hint of a peak at 60 min.
2014 (n = 12); M 85 g of bread, 20 g of jam At this peak time, endotoxemia tended
and 200 g of banana to be higher in the chylomicron fraction.
Higher increase of postprandial
endotoxemia after 8 weeks of
overfeeding.

Ghanim et al., Healthy, normal- Total E: 910 kcal ; 51 g fat Egg muffin and sausage muffin Postprandial LPS concentration
2009 weight (n = 10); M (among which 33% SFA), sandwiches and two hash browns increase of 47 ± 14% over the
88 g carbohydrate, 34 g protein baseline at 3 h.

Ghanim et al., Healthy, normal- 900 kcal (51 g fat, 81 g Egg muffin and sausage muffin Postprandial LPS concentration increase
2010 weight carbohydrate, 32 g protein) + sandwiches and two hash browns of 70 ± 21% over the baseline at 3 h
(n = 3 × 10); 75 g glucose (300 kcal) + an extra 350 ml water with after high-fat high-glucose meal.
M/W or orange juice or water the glucose drink Postprandial LPS concentration increase
of 60 ± 216% over the baseline at 5 h
after high-fat meal with water.
No increase of endotexemia after
high-fat meal with orange juice.

References Subjects Basic lipid load Effect on endotoxemia

Energy (E) and macronutrients Food

Clemente-Postigo Morbidly obese with 50 g fat including 10 g SFA, Oral fat load (100 ml) Increased plasma- and chylomicron-
et al., 2012 insulin resistance (n = 40) 30 g MUFA and 10 g PUFA endotexemia at 3 h.

M/W: men/women; SFA: saturated fatty acids; UFA: unsaturated fatty acids. MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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