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Table 4
Losses (%) of minor components during each step pf the refining process.
| Processing stages | Total | Total | Squalene | Polyphenols |
| Tocopherols | Phytosterols | |||
|
|
||||
| Chemical refining process | ||||
| Degumming | 4 | 22.4 | ND* | ND |
| Neutralization | 3.9–14.7 | 29.3 | ND | ND |
| Bleaching | 5.85–7.9 | ND | ND | ND |
| Winterization | 0.6–4.6 | 5.2 | ND | ND |
| Deodorization | 3.6–15.7 | 3.4 | ND | ND |
| Total loss | 14–34 | 60.3 | ND | 90.5% |
| Physical refining process | ||||
| Degumming | 6–8.4 | ND | 6.9 | ND |
| Bleaching | 3.5–15.8 | ND | 5.3 | ND |
| Winterization | 0.8–5.8 | ND | 4 | ND |
| Deodorization | 20.2–25.7 | ND | 16.9 | ND |
| Total loss | 24.6–54.8 | ND | 33.1 | ND |
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