Open Access

Table 1

Summary of associations of cancer risk with sun exposure and vitamin D levels.

Tumor Negative association
with sun exposure
Association with 25(OH)D blood levels Intervention trials Comments

Colorectal cancer Fairly consistent
from ecological,
case-control and
prospective studies
Consistent inverse
relationship with serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D
levels
No effect The Lappe et al. (2007)
intervention trial cannot
disentangle effects of
calcium alone
supplementation from
Ca + vitamin D
supplementation

Breast Observed in
case-control studies
Mixed results from
prospective studies
Inverse association in
case-control studies
No association in
prospective studies
No effect Too low dose of
vitamin D (400 IU/d)
in WHI intervention
trial?

Prostate All but one
case-control and
prospective studies
show negative
association
No association No evaluable trial Studies on sun exposure conducted in relatively low UV environment;
the only study showing a positive association
conducted in Australia

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Conflicting results Few studies
Current results in favor of an absence of association
No evaluable trial

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