Table 3

Main semi-annual and permanent crops planted in intercropping with oil palm.

Associated cultivation with palm Palm stage Country in which reported Source
Musaceae (banana, plantain) Young, adult Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Indonesia ETA and TBI, (2021); Okyere, (2014); Oomen, (2023); Nchanji et al. (2016); Nuertey et al. (2010); Cheyns and Rafflegeau, (2005)
Coffee (Coffea arabica) Adult Indonesia Firmansyah and Umami, (2021)
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Adult Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana, India, Malaysia Amoah et al. (1995); Lee and Kasbi, (1978); Bourgoing and Todem, (2010); Rethinam, (2017); Afolami and Ajobo, (1983); Ashraf et al. (2019); Rao et al. (2019); Adenikinju et al. (1991)
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Young, adult Colombia, Brazil, Malaysia, Benin, Indonesia López, (2021); R. N. Carvalho Rocha et al. (2007); Van Leeuwen, (2019); Ashraf et al. (2019); Koussihouèdé et al. (2020); Sapalina et al. (2022); Dhandapani et al. (2022); Bakeri et al. (2019)
Black pepper (Piper nigrum) Adult Malaysia Ashraf et al. (2019); Khasanah et al. (2020); Zulkifli et al. (2016); Migeon, (2018)
Passion fruit (Passiflora sp) Young Colombia López, (2021)
Pistachio (Pistacia vera) Young Cameroon, Ivory Coast Cheyns and Rafflegeau, (2005)
Timber Adult Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand Ahmad and Diniyati, (2022); Khomphet et al. (2021); Rahmani et al. (2021); Tata et al. (2016); Budiadi et al. (2019)
Bamboo (Bambusa sp) Adult Malaysia Ashraf et al. (2019)
Papaya (Carica papaya) Young India, Indonesia Maryani et al. (2021); Rethinam, (2017)
Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) Adult India Manorama et al. (2019)

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