Table 2

Main annual crops planted in intercropping with oil palm.

Associated cultivation with palm Palm stage Country in which reported Source
Corn (Zea mays) Young Colombia, Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, Cameroon, Uganda, Ivory Coast, India, Indonesia Agele, (2019); Danso et al. (2020); Dissanayake and Palihakkara, (2019a); FENALCE, (2008); Koussihouèdé et al. (2020); Nuertey et al. (2010); Obi et al. (2023); Rizki et al. (2020); Erhabor et al. (2002); Hariyadi et al. (2019); Jurusan et al. (2023); Jeki Daisa et al. (2024); Nchanji et al. (2016); Orewa, (2008); Okyere, (2014)
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Young Brazil, Nigeria, Benin, Cameroon, Uganda, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Indonesia Agele, (2019); Koussihouèdé et al. (2020); Okyere, (2014); Carvalho Rocha et al. (2020); Nchanji et al. (2016); Nuertey et al. (2010); Obi et al. (2023); Orewa, (2008); Sapalina et al. (2022); Namanji et al. (2021); Cheyns and Rafflegeau, (2005)
Rice (Oryza sativa) Young Indonesia, Brazil, Ivory Coast Perez et al. (2024); Alridiwirsah et al. (2019); Alves et al. (2013); Cheyns and Rafflegeau, (2005)
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Young Indonesia Sapalina et al. (2022)
Solanaceae (tomato, eggplant, chili, pepper, garden huckleberry) Young Nigeria, Benin, Cameroon, Indonesia, India Agele et al. (2019); Koussihouèdé et al. (2020); Nurjannah et al. (2021); Obi et al. (2023); Oluwatobi, (2020b); Tengoua and Bakoumé, (2005); Hariyadi et al. (2019); Nchanji et al. (2016); Sapalina et al. (2022); Reddi et al. (2015); Bakeri et al. (2019)
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Young Nigeria, India Oluwatobi, (2020a); Reddi et al. (2015)
Taro, cocoyam (Colocasia sculenta) Young, adult Cameroon, Nigeria, Indonesia Erhabor and Filson, (1999); Suwandi et al. (2024); Nchanji et al. (2016)
Yam (Dioscorea sp.) Young Malaysia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Indonesia Dhandapani et al. (2020); Fadli et al. (2023); Nchanji et al. (2016); Orewa, (2008)
"Porang" (Amorphophallus muelleri). Young Indonesia Amalia et al. (2024)
Legumes (beans, peanuts, soybeans) Young, adult Nigeria, Benin, Cameroon, India, Indonesia, Ivory Coast Idawanni and Ferayanti, (2021); Marwoto et al. (2012); Putra et al. (2012); Rizki et al. (2020); Adri and Yardha, (2022); Erhabor et al. (2002); Hariyadi et al. (2019); Hidayat et al. (2019); Nchanji et al. (2016); Sapalina et al. (2022); Reddi et al. (2015); Yuliani et al. (2021): Agustira et al. (2018); Kusumawati et al. (2021); Koussihouèdé et al. (2020); Sitorus and Zasari, (2023); Cheyns and Rafflegeau, (2005)
Onion (Allium cepa) Young India Reddi et al. (2015); Rethinam, (2017)
Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) Adult Indonesia Yanda, (2019); Yanda et al. (2018)
Edible fern (Displazium esculentum) Adult Indonesia Yanda, (2019)
Aromatic, ornamental and medicinal plants Adult India, Thailand, Nigeria, Sri Lanka Nwaogu et al. (2014); Rethinam, (2017); Treetaruyanont et al. (2014); Dissanayake and Palihakkara, (2023)
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Young Indonesia, Cameroon de Maijer, (2023); Oomen, (2023); Nchanji et al. (2016)
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Young Indonesia Sitorus and Zasari, (2023)

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