Table 1
Main studies that carry out an LCA of the use of interspecific hybrid OxG and Elaeis guineensis genotypes for biodiesel production.
| N° | Title | Methods | Main results | Year | Cited by | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | “Current state and environmental impact assessment for utilizing oil palm empty fruit bunches for fuel, fiber and fertilizer − A case study of Malaysia” | Case study of the use of palm oil waste, the empty fruit bunches (EFB) left after palm oil extraction. The assessment consists of analyzing the environmental performance of recycling technologies being developed in Malaysia for fuel, fiber and fertilizer. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method is used to discuss the environmental impacts of these technologies to add value to this biomass. | Among the technologies for energy production, CHP plants have the best performance if the electricity generated is connected to the national grid, with superior benefits in most impact categories compared to briquette, methane, and ethanol production. Overall, methane recovery and composting are more environmentally friendly than other technologies, as measured by the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. | 2013 | 164 | (Chiew and Shimada, 2013) |
| 2 | “The energy balance in the Palm Oil-Derived Methyl Ester (PME) life cycle for the cases in Brazil and Colombia” | Life cycle assessment focused on the energy balance of palm oil methyl ester (PME), taking into account practices in Brazil and Colombia. | The paper shows the differences between the results obtained in the two cases. The output/input energy ratio for the case studies evaluated ranged from 3.8 to 5.7, with an average value of 4.8. | 2009 | 72 | (Yáñez Angarita et al., 2009) |
| 3 | “A Comparison of Life Cycle Assessment on Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas Linn.) as Feedstock for Biodiesel Production in Indonesia” | The paper conducted a life cycle inventory analysis on biodiesel production from oil palm and Jatropha curcas, focusing on material and energy inputs, air emissions, waterborne emissions, and solid wastes. | The life cycle inventory analysis results showed the input-output mass and energy for both oil palm and Jatropha curcas-based biodiesel feedstock production. It was observed that the reduction in CO2 emissions for BDF-CPO and BDF-CJCO was 37.83% and 63.61%, respectively, after stable productivity periods. The study highlighted the significant environmental impact of global warming potential in biodiesel production, with differences noted between palm oil and Jatropha curcas biodiesel production. | 2015 | 56 | (Siregar et al., 2015) |
| 4 | “Life cycle environmental impacts of a prospective palm-based biorefinery in Pará State-Brazil” | The work discusses various allocation methods for biorefineries, highlighting the lack of a universally recognized best practice. The study also focuses on the production of ethanol from oil palm biomass, considering factors like feedstock composition and conversion processes. | The main results of the work include positive life cycle energy balance, greenhouse gas reductions, and carbon sequestration through oil palm reforestation in a prospective palm-based biorefinery in Pará State, Brazil. The study also found that establishing a palm-based biorefinery could have environmental advantages in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional fossil fuels. | 2013 | 24 | (Kami Delivand and Gnansounou, 2013) |
| 5 | “Environmental load assessment for an integrated design of microalgae system of palm oil mill in Indonesia” | This research was a case study based on average field measurement data from a major palm oil plantation located in Indonesia (Riau province, Sumatra Island). | The integrated system produced 26,471 tons of biodiesel that included 223 tons from microalgae and contribute to 39.90% of total GHG emission reduction from diesel fuel substitute. Additional co-product of 520.33 tons year−1 of animal feed from defatted biomass also possible to be produced and have potential for environmental benefits. | 2018 | 18 | (Sasongko et al., 2018) |
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