Genetic and hormonal regulation of seed shattering resistance in sesame. The schematic illustrates key molecular and morphological determinants of shattering resistance, including: Structural gene networks (e.g., SHATTERING1 [SHAT1], INDEHISCENT [IND], and Polygalacturonase [PG] genes) controlling cell wall degradation at the abscission layer; hormonal regulation by auxin (inhibiting abscission) and gibberellin (promoting lignin deposition) and capsule morphology traits, such as dehiscence zone thickness and vascular bundle orientation, that mechanically constrain capsule opening.